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<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Below find the text of a recent excellent document on
assessment for learning. It provides the sort of definition we need to get into
law - to counter the proliferation of pieces of discarded standardized tests as
"formative" assessments. I think we have some traction on this with key people
in DC - but nothing comes without battling for it. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>The text in html and pdf is on the FairTest website at <A
href="http://www.fairtest.org/position-paper-assessment-learning">http://www.fairtest.org/position-paper-assessment-learning</A>.
I do not include below the list of participants who drafted it nor the examples
that are footnoted. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 18pt">Position Paper on
Assessment for Learning<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt">from
the<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Third International
Conference on Assessment for Learning<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal
align=center><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place><st1:City><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Dunedin</SPAN></B></st1:City><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">,
</SPAN></B><st1:country-region><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">New
Zealand</SPAN></B></st1:country-region></st1:place><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">, March
2009</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>‘Assessment for Learning’ and ‘formative assessment’ are phrases that
are widely used in educational discourse in the
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>United States</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>,
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Canada</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>,
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>New
Zealand</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>,
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Australia</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>,
the </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>United Kingdom</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB> and
</SPAN><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Europe</SPAN></st1:place><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" title=""
href="mhtml:mid://00000582/#_edn1" name=_ednref1><SPAN
class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN
class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB>[i]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>. A
number of definitions, some originally generated by members of this Conference<A
style="mso-endnote-id: edn2" title="" href="mhtml:mid://00000582/#_edn2"
name=_ednref2><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB>[ii]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>, are often referred to. However,
the ways in which the words are interpreted and made manifest in educational
policy and practice often reveal misunderstanding of the principles, and
distortion of the practices, that the original ideals sought to promote. Some of
these misunderstandings and challenges derive from residual ambiguity in the
definitions. </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Others
have stemmed from a desire to be seen to be embracing the concept – but in
reality implementing a set of practices that are mechanical or superficial
without the teacher’s, and, most importantly, the students’, active engagement
with learning as the focal point. While observing the letter of AfL, this does
violence to its spirit. Yet others have arisen from deliberate appropriation,
for political ends, of principles that have won significant support from
educators.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>For
example, ‘deciding where the learners are in their learning, where they need to
go and how best to get there’, has sometimes been (mis)interpreted as an
exhortation to teachers to (summatively) test their students frequently to
assess the levels they attain on prescribed national/state scales in order to
fix their failings and target the next level. In this scenario, scores, which
are intended to be indicators of, or proxies for, learning, become the goals
themselves. Real and sustained learning is sacrificed to performance on a test.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>In
contrast, the primary aim of Assessment for Learning (AFL) is to contribute to
learning itself. This follows from the logic that when true learning has
occurred, it will manifest itself in performance. The converse does not hold:
mere performance on a test does not necessarily mean that learning has occurred.
Learners can be taught how to score well on tests without much underlying
learning. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Assessment for Learning is the process of identifying aspects of
learning as it is developing, using whatever informal and formal processes best
help that identification, primarily so that learning itself can be enhanced.
This focuses directly on the learner’s developing capabilities, while these are
in the process of being developed. Assessment for learning seeks out, analyses
and reflects on information from students themselves, teachers and the learner’s
peers as it is expressed in dialogue, learner responses to tasks and questions,
and observation. Assessment for learning is part of everyday teaching, in
everyday classrooms. A great deal of it occurs in real time, but some of it is
derived through more formal assessment events or episodes. What is distinctive
about assessment for learning is not the form of the information or the
circumstances in which it is generated, but the positive effect it has for the
learner. Properly embedded into teaching-learning contexts, assessment for
learning sets learners up for wide, lifelong learning.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>These ideas are summed up in a short second-generation definition of
Assessment for Learning generated by the Conference in March 2009. This is
intended to make clear the central focus on learning by students. The definition
is followed by some elaboration of it.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Definition<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Assessment for Learning is part of everyday practice by students,
teachers and peers that seeks, reflects upon and responds to information from
dialogue, demonstration and observation in ways that enhance ongoing learning.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>Elaboration<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1"
class=ColorfulList-Accent1CxSpFirst><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>‘everyday practice’ – this refers to teaching and learning, pedagogy
and instruction (different terms are used in different regions of the world but
the emphasis is on the interactive, dialogic, contingent relationships of
teaching and learning).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1"
class=ColorfulList-Accent1CxSpMiddle><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>‘by
students, teachers and peers’ – students are deliberately listed first because
only learners can learn. Assessment for learning should be student centred. All
AFL practices carried out by teachers (such as giving feedback, clarifying
criteria, rich questioning) can eventually be ‘given away’ to students so that
they take on these practices to help themselves, and one another, become
autonomous learners. This should be a prime objective. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1"
class=ColorfulList-Accent1CxSpMiddle><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>‘seeks, reflects upon and responds to’ – these words emphasize the
nature of AFL as an enquiry process involving the active search for evidence of
capability and understanding, making sense of such evidence, and exercising
judgement for wise decision-making<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>about next steps for students and teachers. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1"
class=ColorfulList-Accent1CxSpMiddle><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB>‘information from dialogue, demonstration and observation’ – verbal
(oral and written) and non-verbal behaviours during both planned and unplanned
events can be sources of evidence. Observation of these during on-going teaching
and learning activity is an important basis for AFL. Special assessment tasks
and tests can be used formatively but are not essential; there is a risk of them
becoming frequent mini-summative assessments. Everyday learning tasks and
activities, as well as routine observation and dialogue are equally, if not
more, appropriate for the formative purpose.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1"
class=ColorfulList-Accent1CxSpLast><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"
lang=EN-GB><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>‘in
ways that enhance ongoing learning’ – </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Sources
of evidence are formative if, and only if, students and teachers <U>use</U> the
information they provide to enhance learning.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB>
Providing students with the help they need to know what to do next is vital; it
is not sufficient to tell them only that they need to do better. However, such
help does not need to provide a complete solution. Research suggests that what
works best is an indication of how to improve, so that students engage in
mindful problem solving. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote-list"><BR clear=all>
<HR align=left SIZE=1 width="33%">
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn1>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A
style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" title="" href="mhtml:mid://00000582/#_ednref1"
name=_edn1><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[i]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> All of these regions were represented at
the Conference: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Australia</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Val Klenowski
– </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Queensland</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of Technology<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Juliette
Mendelovits – Australian Council for Educational Research<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Royce Sadler –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Griffith</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Claire
Wyatt-Smith – </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Griffith</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Canada</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Geoff Cainen –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Halifax</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Regional</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">School</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Board<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Anne Davies –
educational consultant, </SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">British
Columbia</SPAN></st1:place></st1:State><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Lorna Earl –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">OISE</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Toronto</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Dany Laveault
– </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Ottawa</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Anne Longston
– </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Province</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Manitoba</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Ken O’Connor –
educational consultant<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in" class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Europe<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Linda Allal –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Geneva</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Menucha
Birenbaum – </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Tel</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Aviv</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Filip Dochy –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Leuven</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Mien Segers –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Leiden</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> and
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Maastricht</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Kari Smith –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Bergen</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">New
Zealand</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Sandie Aikin –
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">New
Zealand</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Educational
Institute<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Mary
Chamberlain – New Zealand Ministry of Education<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Terry Crooks –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Otago</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Lester
Flockton – </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Otago</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Alison Gilmore
– </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Canterbury</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Jeff Smith –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Otago</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">United
Kingdom</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Richard
Daugherty – </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Cardiff</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:PersonName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Carolyn</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Hutchinson – Learning and Teaching
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Scotland</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Mary James –
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Cambridge</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Gordon
Stobart, </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Institute</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Education</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">London</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Ruth Sutton –
education consultant<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">United States of
America</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Susan
Brookhart – education consultant, </SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Montana</SPAN></st1:place></st1:State><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Peter Johnston
– University at </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Albany</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> – SUNY<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Frank Philip –
Council of </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Chief</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">State</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">School</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Officers<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">W. James (Jim)
Popham – </SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">University</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> of </SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">California</SPAN></st1:PlaceName></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Los
Angeles</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">o<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Rick Stiggins
– ETS Assessment Training Institute, </SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Oregon</SPAN></st1:place></st1:State><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A
style="mso-endnote-id: edn2" title="" href="mhtml:mid://00000582/#_ednref2"
name=_edn2></A><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[ii]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>For Example: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">‘Assessment
for Learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by
learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning,
where they need to go and how best to get there’. In Assessment Reform Group
(2002) <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Assessment is for Learning: 10
principles. </I>Downloadable from <A
href="http://www.assessment-reform-group.org/">http://www.assessment-reform-group.org</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">‘Practice in a
classroom is formative to the extent that evidence about student achievement is
elicited, interpreted, and used by teachers, learners, or their peers, to make
decisions about the next steps in instruction that are likely to be better, or
better founded, than the decisions they would have taken in the absence of the
evidence that was elicited’. In Black, P. and Wiliam, D. (2009) Developing the
theory of formative assessment, <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Educational Assessment, Evaluation and
Accountability </I>(in press).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">‘Formative
assessment is a process used by teachers and students during instruction that
provides feedback to adjust ongoing teaching and learning to improve students’
achievement of intended instructional outcomes.’ State Collaborative on
Assessment and Student Standards, Council of
</SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Chief</SPAN></st1:PlaceName><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">State</SPAN></st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">School</SPAN></st1:PlaceType></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Officers,
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">USA</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> . (Source: J.Popham (2008) <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Transformative Assessment,
</I></SPAN><st1:place><st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Alexandria</SPAN></st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </SPAN><st1:State><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">VA</SPAN></st1:State></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"
class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">‘Formative
assessment is a planned process in which assessment-elicited evidence of
students’ status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional
procedures or by students to adjust their current learning tactics.’ In J.
Popham (2008)<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Transformative Assessment,
</I></SPAN><st1:place><st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Alexandria</SPAN></st1:City><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </SPAN><st1:State><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">VA</SPAN></st1:State></st1:place><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Monty Neill, Ed.D.<BR>Interim Executive
Director<BR>FairTest<BR>15 Court Sq., Ste. 820<BR>Boston, MA
02108<BR>857-350-8207 x 101<BR>fax 857-350-8209<BR><A
href="mailto:monty@fairtest.org">monty@fairtest.org</A><BR><A
href="http://www.fairtest.org">www.fairtest.org</A><BR>Donate: <A
href="https://secure.entango.com/donate/MnrXjT8MQqk">https://secure.entango.com/donate/MnrXjT8MQqk</A></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>